日本のＯＤＡとJＩＣＡの方向性を示唆するアメリカの論文
Japan's Foreign Aid-Old Continuities and New Directions
Japan's Foreign Aid-Old Continuities and New Directions
これはアメリカの大学教授によって書かれた日本のＯＤＡに関する報告書である。
この報告書は、在パキスタン日本大使から直接、教えていただいたもの。２００８年、イスラマバードで開催された出版記念会（日曜日）に出席したところ、日本大使夫妻が出席されましたが、その時大使が「あなた、このような報告書を知っていますか」と１冊の小さな本を見せられました。
私はその本を見ながら「いえ、知りません」と答えると、日本大使は「昨日、私はこの報告書を読んでいて、初めてあなたを知りました。実は、昨日までイスラマバードで日本とパキスタンがＯＤＡ援助に関する合同会議を開いていて、私はたくさんの報告書を読んでいましたが、その中でこの報告書が目にとまったのです。
ここには、あなたに関して書かれているページがあります。これを読んで驚きました。４人の識者による論文は、日本のＯＤＡ政策や援助に対して非常に厳しい批判を行なっているのですが、あなたの活動だけは唯一非常に高く評価されているのです。そのため今日の出版記念会に出席し、あなたに会って見ようと思ったのです。今日は、この出版記念会の席上で、この報告書を読んでみようと思ってやってきたのです」と大使は笑いながら話された。それから下記の文章を記念会の席上で全部披露されたのであった。
私は驚いた。初めて知った報告書ーしかもアメリカの全く知らない人によって、全く知らないアメリカの大学で、このような報告書が２００５年に刊行されていたこと、そして私自身の活動の評価が行われていたこと、そしてそれが日本大使によって伝えられたことなど・・・・・なにか自慢するようで気恥ずかしい思いでいっぱいだが、日本のＯＤＡ活動について客観的な位置から知ってもらうためにも、全文をご参考に掲載したい。そしてこうした報告書があるということもなにかの参考にしていただけたら嬉しいです。
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This is an interesting case study,in that Japanese involvement in the project was limited. It involved a single consultant. Yet it is important because it exemplifies both the strengths and the weakness of the Japanese approach.controlled and could showcase the foreign visitors and donors as a sign of progressivism and innovation. She chose a dynamic advisor who launched what was then known as the Prime Minister's Literacy Commission (PMLC).
Because of the subsequent military takeover, the organization's name was changed to the Chief Executive's Literacy Commission and then the Pakistan Literacy Commission.The government of Pakistan started this project because education was a provincial subject, and the federal government wanted to have a direct role in the provision of education without going through the provincial bureaucracies., The first government of Benazir Bhutoo also wanted to have some educational initiative that the federal government directly
At the same time, the government authorities in Pakistan were being severely criticized for a dismal performance in social sectors such as primary education, particularly for girls, health , water supply, and sanitation. UNICEF argued that the existing government delivery mechanisms for reaching poor girls were too rigid, bureaucratic and expensive.
It pushed the methodology of participatory development with the extensive involvement of grassroots community-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting access. The rise of the NGO as an alternative delivery mechanism for the failing state sector spread widely in the development community.
While the NGO movement in Pakistan never achieved the scale that it achieved in Bangladesh or some other parts of the world, it was very influential in setting the terms of the debate about appropriate developmental policy in the social sectors. Its greatest success lay in establishing at the grassroots level that parents in even the most backward parts of Pakistan were willing to educate girls if the intervention was suitably crafted and was embedded in the local cultural environment.
JICA, because of its mandate of dealing only with government organizations, was only a passive player in the debate. It never go around to funding any interesting pilot projects for educating girls in backward areas. Japanese involvement with PMLC can only be seen as a token effort - a compromise between partaking in the innovative loose and ill-defined world of non-formal education and yet following the constraint of working with the government. (A previous Japanese ambassador and his wife took some special interest in connecting some Japanese civic organizations with an NGO in northern Pakistan, but that was a one^off event that never became a pattern.)
Shinji Tajima, the JICA consultant to PLC, was real innovator and has left a lasting impression on the organization. This can be attributed more to the consultant's personal skills and passions rather than his formal mandate. The people in PLC fondly referred to him as a Japanese "Pathan," somebody who , once he had formed an opinion, would not be budged from it, even in the face of personal unpopularity.
JICA had no direct influence or contact with PLC. The current management did not even know the terms of reference for Shinji Tajima or of his successor. This is in some measure due to the turnover in the organization. But even people who had worked with Tajima directly did not really know what his mission was apart from providing technical assistance.
Shinji Tajima produced some teachers' aid kits that could be used for telling stories, and a textbook containing a compilation of readings. In addition, he was involved in demonstration projects on papermaking. These were distributed in the non-formal schools that were directly involved with the PLC.
The kits and the book were of extremely high quality, but their distribution was limited because of the lack of initiative showed by the government in marketing the product. If this consultant had been involved with grassroots groups outside the government, he could have made a contribution that would have affected people on a much larger scale. Shinji Tajima wrote in the popular press, and he was a true ambassador of goodwill wherever he went. He contributed to this organization even though its head changed with every change of government and was always a political appointee.
This consultant is a good example of inexpensive, small-scale technical assistance projects that work very well in the Pakistani environment of political uncertainty, governmental inefficiency, and local need.
Japan's Foreign Aid
Old Continuities and New Directions
Edited by David Arase
Professor of politics at Pomona College in Claremont
California. USA
Price: $170.00
http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=PKXOnMFw4LsC&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&dq=David+Arase+Pakistan+education+Tajima&source=web&ots=bQ_Ib1Os6A&sig=ZzZ5hAcnFEBoepXMxpoNHCBXXKo&hl=ja&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPT218,M1
http://www.routledgeasianstudies.com/books/Japans-Foreign-Aid-isbn9780415359993
About the Book
Filling a gap in the existing literature, this book analyzes the distinctive features of Japan’s development aid, especially technical co-operation, in comparison with other donors’ aid. Incorporating a wealth of research, it discusses whether Japan is behind other leading donor countries in rethinking its aid policy and whether it lacks transparency, sensitivity to recipient needs, and a coherent and coordinated policy that targets poverty.
The volume assesses the nature and effectiveness of the administration of Japan’s aid, and explores the degree of involvement of private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Including contributions from experts with direct experience with Japanese ODA, the book provides a wide range of recipient and donor viewpoints and presents important policy recommendations.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Japanese Aid to Pakistan
3. A Comparison of Japan's and the United States' Bilateral ODA Programs
4. Changes in Japanese ODA Compared to Canadian ODA
5. A Comparative Analysis of Official Development Assistance to China by Japan and Europe
6. Japanese Aid to South and Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis
7. ODA Policies and Practice: The Republic of Korea
8. A Comparative Study of Japan's ODA and Other Donors' Aid to Thailand
9. Aid Effectiveness: The World Bank and Japan
10. Japanese and Australian ODA
11. Japanese and British Overseas Aid Compared
12. Swedish Views on Japanese ODA
13. The Effectiveness and Future tasks of Japan's ODA in the Pacific Island Countries: A Recipient Perspective
14. An Overview of Japanese ODA to Latin America
